Finally, long-term effects of maternal hyperglycemia on the child include a higher risk of childhood obesity and adult diabetes ( 8). Maternal outcomes include a higher risk for preeclampsia, primary cesarean section, and preterm labor ( 7). An estimated 5,000 new cases of type 2 diabetes will be diagnosed annually in American children 4,500 g), shoulder dystocia (birth injury), neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. It is projected that, by 2050, one in three people will have some type of diabetes. About 5% of all diagnosed diabetes is type 1 diabetes, and 90–95% is type 2 diabetes. As of June 2015 in the United States, 2.7% of women who are 18–44 years of age have a diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes ( 1).
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